In order to effectively implement the construction of dual prevention system of risk and hidden danger, aiming at the problems of unclear concepts and management interface among hazard, risk, and hidden danger in the process of system construction, this paper discusses the relationship among hazard, risk, and hidden danger in safety production, puts forward the accident-causing mechanism model based on hazard and hidden danger, and then constructs the theoretical model of double prevention of risk and hidden danger which includes the risk classification control and hidden danger screening and elimination, and clarify the control content of each node of the model. The results show that the accident-causing mechanism model based on hazard and hidden danger reveals the causal chain from hazard to hidden danger to accidents, the theoretical model of dual prevention mechanism of risk and hidden danger constructed around the nodes of the causal chain conforms to China’s situation and defines the positions of the two gateways (managing risk and treating hidden danger) in the dual prevention mechanism, which provides theoretical support for the launch of dual prevention system of risk and hidden danger.